Fixed Income Blog

Why It Pays to Keep an Eye on the Credit Cycle

Jan 27, 2016
3 min read

Market sell-offs can be unsettling. But it’s important to keep them in perspective. The recent downturn in some credit markets is normal, given where we are in the credit cycle. It’s not evidence of a bursting bubble.

Credit cycles have distinct stages. During the expansionary period, easy access to credit helps boost earnings and prompts companies to take on debt. As those debt levels rise, so does credit risk. Asset values start to decline, causing lenders to get stingier. A rise in interest rates then usually leads to a period of contraction and balance-sheet repair and, eventually, a recovery phase.

How does this apply to what’s going on today?

Let’s look at the US high-yield market. In a recent blog, we explained why we expect defaults to rise this year—but not anywhere near as much as they did during the global financial crisis. Why? Because we don’t see this as another systemic crisis or evidence of a “high yield” bubble. This is simply what happens when the credit cycle moves from expansion into contraction.

For several years, default rates for high-yield bonds have hovered around historic lows. That was the result of rock-bottom interest rates that tempted more companies to borrow and more yield-starved investors to buy their bonds.

Another factor that drove defaults lower between 2010 and 2014 was the cleansing of the problem credits that ran into trouble following the global financial crisis.

US Energy in Contraction

Alas, nothing lasts forever. As corporate leverage rose, balance sheets started to deteriorate and lenders became more selective. Now that US interest rates have started to rise as well, many companies that binged on cheap credit no longer have such easy access to it.

High-yield energy and mining companies are already in the contraction phase of the cycle. They borrowed aggressively when commodity prices were high, only to find their margins squeezed and projects unprofitable when prices plunged. For some, bankruptcy is likely. In recent months, they’ve led the downturn in the broader US high-yield market.

Valuations in US High Yield More Attractive

To make informed investment decisions in such volatile times, it helps to know where we are in the credit cycle. Stripped of energy-sector bonds, the US high-yield market is still in the expansion stage—but it’s getting closer to contraction. One of the clearest indicators of this is the rise in leverage to finance mergers and buyouts—a hallmark of late credit-cycle behavior (Display 1).

M&A Activity On The Rise
Issuance Elevated by Large-Cap M&A Use of Proceeds (Percent)
M&A Activity On The Rise

As of December 31, 2015
Source: Deutsche Bank

That doesn’t mean there aren’t values to be had in high yield. The recent volatility has pushed yields higher and left many bonds more attractively priced than they’ve been in years. For long-term investors, the beginning yield is a fairly good indicator of the sort of returns to expect over the next five years. Investors who do their credit homework and avoid the riskiest bonds may come out ahead in the long run.

Different Regions, Different Stages

What’s more, different sectors and different parts of the world are at different stages in the cycle (Display 2). Asian corporates are in contraction, but Latin American companies are in recovery mode and are repairing their balance sheets. US and European financials are in the recovery phase: leverage is decreasing, debt growth is stable and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) is on the rise.

Credit Cycle Continues To Advance, But Stage Varies Widely By Sector
Credit Cycle Continues To Advance, But Stage Varies Widely By Sector

As of December 31, 2015
*High yield
†Investment grade
Source: AB

With different markets and sectors at different stages, one of the most important things investors can do is diversify. Exposure to various regions and sectors expands the opportunity set and varies credit risk.

Volatility isn’t likely to fade any time soon. Understanding where we are in the credit cycle should help investors keep the recent turbulence in perspective—and make better decisions about which risks to take and which to avoid.

The views expressed herein do not constitute research, investment advice or trade recommendations and do not necessarily represent the views of all AB portfolio-management teams.

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