Alternatives Blog

Offense or Defense? Direct Lending Can Play Both

22 September 2023

4 min read

Brent Humphries| President and Founding Member—AB Private Credit Investors

David Kuck| Managing Director of Private Credit Product Strategy—AB Private Alternatives Business Development

A balanced portfolio needs assets with strong return potential and those that may provide downside mitigation. We believe direct lending can deliver both—a potentially valuable feature, particularly in today’s uncertain market.

Investors in direct lending are well positioned to capture outsized risk-adjusted returns today, in our view, while benefitting from features that may reduce downside risk. That ability to play both offense and defense is especially appealing in the current macro environment and underscores the importance of private credit in diversified portfolios.

A Good Time to Play Offense in Direct Lending

On the offense side, we believe now is an opportune time for investors to consider adding direct lending exposure, because higher asset yields have boosted the return potential for the asset class.

A series of aggressive Fed rate hikes has resulted in higher market-wide base rates, which in turn have driven a sharp rise in yields for directly originated loans. Senior secured loans, which are typically floating rate, now yield more than 12%, far above the mid-7% yields seen as recently as mid-2022. In senior secured lending strategies that use portfolio financing, potential net returns now stretch into the low double digits to mid teens, notably above investors' long-term return assumptions. Fed tightening has also limited the credit available to firms of all sizes and altered competitive market dynamics in favor of lenders with available capital and conviction to act. Alternative lenders are well positioned to take advantage of these dynamics: traditional syndicated credit markets have been volatile, and alternative lenders have a longer-term capital base and the ability to execute flexible solutions for borrowers.

Defense Matters in Direct Lending, Too

In investing, as in sports, playing defense is important, too. Direct lending complements its strong offense potential with downside risk reduction potential. That’s important for investors in today’s macro environment, which presents fundamental pressures from inflation levels not seen for generations and a higher degree of uncertainty.

Over time, direct lending has excelled at providing stability during volatile economic environments or periods of market stress. For instance, drawdowns, which measure the decline from a market peak to its trough, were much more severe for public credit markets during the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic than for direct lending. Since the Federal Reserve began its current tightening cycle in early 2022, direct lending has continued to generate positive returns. (Display).

Smaller Drawdowns: Direct Lending in Recent Periods of Stress

Maximum Peak-to-Trough Drawdown* (Percent)

Chart shows larger drawdowns in public credit than direct lending in the last three downturns.

Past Performance does not guarantee future results.
*Maximum peak-to-trough drawdown reflects the largest peak-to-trough drawdown in quarterly index value during the specified periods: Financial Crisis: 3Q 2007–4Q 2008, COVID: 1Q 2020–4Q 2020, 2022 Fed Tightening: 1Q 2022–4Q 2022. Direct Lending is represented by the Cliffwater Direct Lending Index, which reflects the unlevered performance of US middle market corporate loans. High Yield is represented by the Barclays US Corporate High Yield 2% Issuer Cap Index. Leveraged Loans is represented by the Credit Suisse Leveraged Loan Index.
As of September 20, 2023
Source: Bloomberg , Cliffwater and Credit Suisse

The Game Plan for a Strong Defense

What explains the better track record of direct lending in downturns? We think it boils down to important structural advantages. With US interest rates likely to remain elevated for longer, these defensive features may reduce downside risk if the economy slides into a recession and volatility increases in the capital markets.

A Buy-and-Hold Approach: Direct lending is a buy-and-hold asset class. Most investors access it through fund structures with multiyear commitment periods or other provisions that limit regular liquidity and the need to generate proceeds for redemptions. Also, managers generally don’t actively trade in and out of positions. Instead, they hold them until they’re repaid by borrowers. Because direct loans aren’t typically sold, the asset class is insulated from the sort of technical selling pressure that’s typical during down markets in more traditional, publicly traded assets.
Senior Status, Significant Equity Cushions: Direct loans are often executed at the top of the capital structure, so they benefit from a large equity cushion below them to absorb potential declines in a borrower’s value. These loans also typically give lenders a priority claim on all of a borrower’s assets, including equity in the underlying business. In other words, a lot must go wrong before lenders incur a loss.
Other Structural Protections for Lenders: Direct loans give lenders the ability to negotiate certain protective covenants, such as a cap on the amount of leverage or a required minimum level of liquidity. These covenants provide lenders with negotiating leverage to amend the loan terms in their favor if a borrower underperforms. These amendments can improve downside mitigation and may also compensate the lender for incremental risk.
Strong Relationships: Direct lenders typically lend to companies on their own, or with a small group of like-minded lenders. That’s an important dynamic because it fosters regular communication among lenders, borrowers, and private equity sponsors. More frequent and more robust information flow lets lenders maintain a more current view on borrowers’ performance and outlook, which may help in proactively addressing any forecasted defaults. This degree of connectivity and coordination can be harder to achieve in broadly syndicated loan deals, which can involve 50 to 80 participants, and sometimes even more.

Along with higher loan yields, direct lenders also benefit from more conservative capital structures relative to those in recent years. Structures with lower leverage provide comfort that borrowers will be able to meet debt-service obligations despite the current, higher-rate environment. Meanwhile, enterprise values have been relatively stable, as quality assets remain in high demand, which results in continued healthy equity cushions.

Direct lending’s defensive characteristics may prove valuable if the US economy slips into recession. That potential outcome is still a close call, but we wouldn’t be surprised to see weakening in the labor market and slower overall growth as we move into 2024.

Growing investor demand for private credit has rapidly swelled the ranks of direct lenders. According to Preqin, private credit assets under management, which in addition to direct lending includes other private strategies, including distressed lending and opportunistic credit, now top $812 billion. But the opportunity set for direct lending continues to grow, because direct lenders are now competing directly with investment banks for opportunities to lend to upper mid-market borrowers.

Moreover, not all private lenders are alike. Investors should do their homework to identify managers with strong sourcing capabilities and deep underwriting and portfolio-management expertise—a formula that we think increases the potential for strong performance across diverse economic environments.

The views expressed herein do not constitute research, investment advice or trade recommendations, and do not necessarily represent the views of all AB portfolio-management teams and are subject to change over time.

About the Authors

Brent Humphries

Brent Humphries joined AB in 2014 as a founding member and President of AB Private Credit Investors, where he has primary responsibility for overseeing all aspects of the business, including chairing the investment committee, fundraising, investor relations, investment originations, structuring and underwriting, as well as ongoing portfolio management and compliance. He previously held the same position with Barclays Private Credit Partners. Prior to joining Barclays, Humphries served as group head, generalist financial sponsor coverage for Goldman Sachs Specialty Lending Group, and later led its structured private equity initiative. Before that, he served as a partner and managing director of the Texas Growth Fund, a middle market private equity firm. Humphries previously worked in leveraged finance with NationsBank and J.P. Morgan, and as a financial analyst with Exxon. He holds a BBA in finance with an emphasis in accounting from the University of Oklahoma and an MBA from Harvard Business School. Location: Austin

David Kuck

David Kuck joined AllianceBernstein in 2020 and is currently a Managing Director of Private Credit Product Strategy for AB Private Alternatives Business Development, where he is involved in business and product development, primarily for AB Private Credit Investors. Previously, he was a senior high-yield research analyst at Wells Fargo Securities, where he covered the food and beverage, food retail and restaurant sectors. Prior to that, Kuck worked in Wells Fargo’s Leveraged Finance group and BMO Capital Markets’ Food, Consumer and Retail Investment Banking group. He began his career in risk management consulting at Ernst & Young. Kuck holds a BBA and MSA from the University of Notre Dame. Location: Nashville