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Understanding Risk in China’s Credit Markets

23 August 2021
5 min read
A vivid orange and pink sunrise over Beijing’s cityscape, featuring some of the most innovative skyscrapers in the world..
Hua Cheng, CFA| Director—Asia Credit Research
Ian Chen| Research Analyst—Corporate Credit

Much of the volatility that has recently shaken China’s credit markets has been associated with government interventions. For investors who are worried about the risk implications, fundamental analysis can provide a guide to how the country’s regulators think about companies and sectors.

China’s policy agenda involves a delicate balance between opening up its economy and capital markets and maintaining social stability. The first of these policy strands includes allowing more companies to default on their debt, as a way of enabling risk in credit markets to be priced more accurately—a reform generally welcomed by global credit investors.

The second strand was apparent recently in a crackdown on the education and tech sectors where business practices conflicted with the government’s social aims. The move led to a dramatic sell-off in stocks and in the offshore Chinese currency and credit markets.

Consequently, many investors in Chinese credit are wondering how to assess the risk implications of government interventions. Our research into two under-pressure credits—asset manager Huarong and property developer Evergrande—has yielded some insights.

Which Companies Are Systemically Important?

Huarong, which is majority state-owned and has assets of RMB 1.7 trillion (US$262 billion), alarmed bondholders in April when it failed to announce its 2020 results. The sell-off in its bonds was made worse by investor uncertainty about whether the company would be allowed to default in line with the government’s market liberalization aims.

We don’t think it will because, in our view, the company is systemically important.

Understanding which companies are systemically important is the key to understanding risk in Chinese credit markets. While it’s generally assumed that the government will support state-owned enterprises, the government doesn’t publish a list of systemically important companies or sectors. Fundamental analysis, however, can help in this respect.

In the banking sector, for example, it’s relatively easy to determine which entities are systemically important. The top three tiers of banks—three policy banks and the first- and second-tier commercial banks (respectively, six state-owned banks and 12 joint-stock banks) collectively account for between 60% and 70% of the banking system’s balance sheet.

On size alone, they are systemically important, but there are other factors. These include state ownership, interconnectedness with the financial system (such as borrowing in the interbank market), the banks’ importance for social stability and their access to international capital markets.

The last consideration is significant for China’s national agenda. An asset-manager default in offshore bond markets—a concern of some investors—might limit Chinese issuers’ access to foreign capital. That would run counter to Beijing’s policy of internationalizing the renminbi (RMB).

Huarong and other asset managers meet four of these five criteria (Display).

Asset Managers Tick the Box for Systemically Important
Criteria: size, interconnectedness, state ownership, access to international markets, social stability and national agenda.

As of August 17, 2021
Source: AllianceBernstein (AB)

Asset managers are not important for social stability, but they help drive China’s national agenda. Their role is to remove and sell nonperforming loans (NPLs) from bank balance sheets and nonperforming receivables from corporate balance sheets. They help to keep the financial system strong. In 2020, Huarong’s market share in NPLs offloaded from Chinese banks was 40%.

This, in our view, is a fifth reason for regarding the company as too important to fail.

Property Sector Matters More Than Property Companies

Evergrande is a different story. It’s the biggest property developer in the developing world and has debts of RMB 570 billion (US$88 billion), which makes it one of the most indebted companies globally. But that doesn’t mean it’s systemically important, in our view. Despite the size of its balance sheet, its share of the Chinese housing market is only 4%.

As the Display shows, the company has none of the characteristics that make Huarong systemically important.

Evergrande Is Not Too Important to Fail
Compares Huarong and Evergrande across major criteria such as strategic value. Evergrande falls short.

As of August 17, 2021
AB’s analytical framework incorporates state ownership (implicit government credit), strategic value (alignment with policy mandates or development goals) and shock waves (repercussions on social and financial stability).
Source: AllianceBernstein (AB)

The same applies to China’s other privately-owned property companies.

But, while neither Evergrande nor its peers are systemically important, China’s property sector, taken as a whole, is. Property developers and the sectors that depend on them, such as suppliers of heavy equipment and building materials, have total debts of RMB 101 trillion—amounting to 35% of China’s financial system and equivalent to 100% of the country’s GDP.

So, while individual property developers might be allowed to default or fail, Chinese authorities are very likely to take steps to ensure that the fallout for the sector will be limited. Our analysis suggests that the government will intervene when conditions in the sector start to move from mild stress (a default rate of 4%) to medium stress (10%).

Since we conducted our stress-test analysis, the default rate for Chinese property developers in high-yield offshore bond markets has already crept up to 4%. This is where, for active investors, opportunities might develop.

Fortune Favors The Well Prepared

Of course, aiming to take advantage of a fall in a property company’s bond price in the hope that the government will step in and cause the price to recover is a risky strategy—particularly given our view that Chinese property defaults and failures are likely. Investors should rigorously research each credit on a stand-alone basis before making a decision.

In investing, fortune doesn’t favor the brave, but it often favors the well prepared. That’s why an active investment approach and sound fundamental analysis are, in our view, the keys to investing successfully in Chinese credit.

The authors wish to thank Rob Hopper and the team for their contributions.

The views expressed herein do not constitute research, investment advice or trade recommendations, and do not necessarily represent the views of all AB portfolio-management teams and are subject to change over time.

About the Authors

Hua Cheng is a Senior Vice President and Director of Asia Credit Research. She joined AB in 2011 and now oversees the credit research capabilities in Asia. Cheng is also responsible for covering the technology sector in China, as well as banks and nonbank financial institutions in the Asia Pacific region, with an emphasis on China’s financial system and credit market. Earlier in her tenure at AB, she was an equity research analyst covering Chinese and Hong Kong banks. Cheng was previously an auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers, where she audited China’s financial institutions. She holds a BA in finance from the Capital University of Economics and Business (Beijing) and an MBA from the Columbia Business School. Cheng is a CFA charterholder.

Ian Chen is a Credit Research Analyst covering China high-yield corporates for AllianceBernstein (AB). Prior to joining the firm in 2016, he was at Barclays for three years, serving as a sell-side equity research analyst covering the Asia ex Japan technology universe. Chen was a member of the research team ranked No. 1 in the Asiamoney Brokers Poll 2016. He holds a BBA in finance from National Taiwan University and graduated as valedictorian. Location: Hong Kong

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